A team from Nagoya University in Japan has indicated that orexin neurons are likely key to maintaining and controlling motivated actions. Through experiments with genetically altered rats, the researchers observed that increasing the activity of these neurons caused the animals to exert more effort to obtain food. Conversely, suppressing these cells diminished their motivation. The study also noted that orexin levels increased while the rats anticipated a reward and remained elevated even when the expected reward did not appear.

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